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Lecture Archive
Since the first recorded public lecture was offered in January 1972, the Bay Area History of Medicine Club has organized a lecture series every year, following the academic calendar (first lecture in October ending in April or May with the annual banquet). Over the years, a number of eminent speakers from around the world have given lectures, and the Club has continuously enjoyed drawing upon local members and Bay Area speakers as the bedrock of the Club's success. Below is a list of each talk offered from 1972 to the present day, with some gaps in the 1990s that will hopefully be filled shortly.
The BAHMC and the author of this web site, Dr. Brian Dolan, would like to thank the staff of the Special Collections at UCSF's library, which holds the Club's archive and from which this material was drawn (MSS 85-22).
Spring 1972
1972-1973
1973-1974
1974-1975
1975-1976
1976-1977
1977-1978
1978-1979
1979-1980
1980-1981
1981-1982
1982-1983
1983-1984
1984-1985
1985-1986
1986-1987
1987-1988
1988-1989
1989-1990
1990-1991
1991-1992
1992-1993
1993-1994
1994-1995
1995-1996
1996-1997
1997-1998
1998-1999
1999-2000
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
2007-2008
January 19, 1972
Lecture 1: Rosemary Valle, BA
“Sahagun, 1499-1590”
Lecture 2: Donald L. Trauner, MD
“The History of Operative Orthopedics”
February 16, 1972
Dr. K. F. Meyer, Director, Hooper Foundation for Medical Research, Lecturer, History of Health Sciences, UCSF
“Sketchy Contributions to the History of Plague”
March 15, 1972
Franklin Ebaugh, Professor of Medicine, University of Utah
“The History of Blood Transfusion”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
April 19, 1972
J. B. de C. M. Saunders, MD, Chair, History of Health Sciences, UCSF
“Baron von Humboldt Shakes Hands with Himself”
October 10, 1972
Charles Bodemer, Ph.D., Chair, Biomedical History, University of Washington
“M. F. X. Bichat: Glory the Food of Talent”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
Annual dinner at the Concordia Club (Van Ness and Post)
Dinner $10
Cocktails: 6:30
Dinner: 7:30
Lecture: 8:30
Dress Optional
November 8, 1972
J. Gerald Callanan , MD , FRCS
“The First Successful Total Gastrectomy in America : A San Francisco Milestone”
January 10, 1973
Dora Weiner, Ph.D., Chair, History of Medicine Department, Manhattanville College , Purchase, NY
“Napoleon and Pollution”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
February 14, 1973
Benjamin Lieberman, MD
“Giovanni Batista Margagni and his Syndrome”
March 14, 1973
Samuel Haber, Ph.D., Associate Professor of History, UC Berkeley
“The Doctor-Patient Relationship in America , 1750-1900”
October 16, 1973
John Blake, Ph.D., Chief, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine
“Early American Medical Literature”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
Annual dinner at the Concordia Club (Van Ness and Post)
Dinner $10
November 14, 1973
Lecture 1: Ilza Veith, Ph.D.
“Privileged Communications”
Lecture 2: Norman Reider, M.D.
“History of Chess as Therapy”
January 16, 1974
Kevin McGettigan, Assistant Administrator, San Francisco General Hospital
“On the Fringes of Medicine for Two Hundred Years in California ”
February 13, 1974
Ralph Kellogg, MD, Professor of Physiology, UCSF
“Incidents in the History of High Altitude Physiology”
March 13, 1974
Reinhard S. Speck, MS, Professor of Microbiology, UCSF
“Dr. Thomas Glass of Exeter ”
April 17, 1974
Ruth Friedlander, Ph.D. UCSF
Lecture 1: “From Degenerescence to Psycho-Analysis”
Lecture 2: David Gordon, MD
“Early Measurements of Blood Pressure in Man, a Controversy over Priority”
Owen H. Wangensteen MD, Regents' Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School
“Antisepsis and the Surgical Amphitheatre”
CO-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
Concordia Club (Van Ness and Post)
Dinner $11.50
November 13, 1974
Ilza Veith, Ph.D., Professor of Psychiatry and Vice Chairman, History of Health Sciences, UCSF
“Blinders of the Mind: Historical Reflections on Functional Impairment of Vision”
January 8, 1975
Jeremy Norman
“Aping Darwin : Victorian Satires on Evolution”
February 12, 1975
J.B. de C.M. Saunders, MD, Regents' Professor and Chairman, Department of History of Health Sciences, UCSF
“Paolo Sarpi and the Venus Valves”
March 12, 1975
Francis Schiller, MD, Clinical Professor in Neurology and Lecturer in History of Health Sciences, UCSF
“Thomas de Quincey's Lifelong Addiction”
April 9, 1975
Joan B. Trauner, M.A., and Theresa Louie, R.N., D.N.S.
“Socio-Historical Patterns of Health Care Delivery in San Francisco 's Chinatown ”
October 8, 1975
Gert Brieger, M.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of History of Health Sciences, UCSF
“Historical Perspectives of Medical Education and Medical Research: The American Dilemma”
January 13, 1976
George Corner, MD, Executive Officer of the American Philosophical Society
“Medicine in the Poems of Chaucer”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
Concordia Club (Van Ness and Post)
Dinner: $12.50
February 11, 1976
Haskell Norman, M.D.
“Herbert Evans and Harvey Cushing, M.D.—A Correspondence of Bibliophiles”
March 10, 1976
Sanford Leeds , MD
“The Lymphatic System in History: Aselli to Drinker”
April 14, 1976
Fernando Vescia, MD
“Henry E. Sigerist: The Years at Hopkins ”
October 19, 1976
Owesi Temkin, Johns Hopkins
“Diseases of the Famous”
Dinner meeting.
November 11, 1976
Chauncey Leake, UCSF
No title; from correspondence, Gert Brieger to Art Lyons, September 21, 1976
January 12, 1977
Frank T. Brechka
“Gerard van Swieten: The Several Careers of a Physician in Eighteenth Century Leiden, Brussels , and Vienna ”
February 9, 1977
Merriley Borell, Ph.D.
“The Physician, The Physiologist, and the Origins of Endocrinology”
March 9, 1977
Robert Frank, Ph.D.
“William Harvey and the English Physician as Scientist”
April 13, 1977
L. J. Rather, M.D.
“Holistic Medicine in Historical Perspective”
October 12, 1977
Francis Schiller, M.D., Department of Neurology, Kaiser Hospital , and Department of History of Health Sciences, UCSF
“The Many Areas of Paul Broca”
November 8, 1977
John B. de C.M. Saunders, MD, Chancellor Emeritus, Regents Professor, UCSF
“Berengario da Carpi (1460-1530) and the Transition to the Medical Renaissance”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
Concordia Club (Van Ness and Post)
Dinner: $15.00
January 11, 1978
Ynez V. O'Neill, Ph.D., Division of Medical History, Department of Anatomy, UCLA
“The Nine Picture Series: The Early Transmission of Anatomical Data”
March 8, 1978
Peter F. Ostwald, M.D., Professor of Psychiatry, UCSF
“Music and Madness: The Study of Robert Schumann's Mental Illness”
April 26, 1978
James Harvey Young, Ph.D., Department of History, Emory University
“A Panoramic History of Health Quackery in America ”
October 11, 1978
Otto M. Marx, MD, Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Hospital , Palo Alto
“Psychiatry and Basic Science”
November 8, 1978
Masha Jewett
“Early San Francisco Medicine as Told by the Frescoes in Toland Hall, UCSF”
January 9, 1979
Genevieve Miller, Ph.D., Associate Professor in History of Science, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
“Mass Immunization Before Jenner”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
Concordia Club (Van Ness and Post)
Dinner: $18.50
February 14, 1979
Professor Michael Dols, Department of History, Cal State , Hayward
“The Mad-Man in Muslim Society”
March 14, 1979
John E. Lesch, Assistant Professor, Department of History, UC Berkeley
“The Surgical Origins of Experimental Physiology”
April 25, 1979
Ilza Veith, Professor and Vice Chairman, History of Health Sciences, UCSF
“The History of Medicine Dolls and Foot-Binding in China ”
Library, History Room, S-257
October 10, 1979
Arthur Lyons, MD
“Sir Charles Bell, The Artist”
November 14, 1979
Angelo May, MD
“Leriche and Carrel: Founders of Vascular Surgery”
January 15, 1980
Richard Wolfe, Curator of Rare Manuscripts, Joseph Garland Librarian in the Boston Medical Library
“The Hang-Up of Franz Kotzwara and its Relationship to Sexual Quakery [ sic ] in Late 18 th Century London ”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
Concordia Club
Dinner: $18.50
February 13, 1980
Francis A. Sooy, MD, Chancellor, UCSF
“Goya's Illness”
cancelled
April 9, 1980
John B. de C.M. Saunders, Chancellor Emeritus, Regents Professor, UCSF
“Texts of Berengario da Capri”
May 21, 1980
Francis A. Sooy, MD, Chancellor, UCSF
“Goya's Illness”
October 8, 1980
Nathan Hale, Jr., Professor Emeritus of History, UC Riverside
“Freud's Adopted Homeland: Why America?”
November 12, 1980
Isabel R. Plesset
“Hideyo Noguchi and Medical Research at the Turn of the Century”
January 13, 1981
Ilza Veith, Ph.D., D. Med. Sci., Professor Emeritus, UCSF
“The Medical World of Tutenkhamon”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
Concordia Club (Van Ness and Post)
Dinner: $18.50
February 11, 1981
Sanford Leeds , MD
“Civil War Medicine”
March 11, 1981
Stanley M. Hanfling, MD
“Thomas Rowlandson and his Times: Medicine, History and Art”
April 8, 1981
Gert Brieger, MD, Ph.D.
“Fielding H. Garrison: The Man and His Book”
October 14, 1981
Grant E. Gauger, MD
“Thomas Young, MD: Physician-scientist Extraordinary”
November 11, 1981
Ernest L. Levinger, MD
“Medical Musings on Mozart”
December 3, 1981
Donald Bates, Professor and Chairman, Department of Humanities and Social Studies in Medicine, McGill University
“Would you pick Thomas Sydenham as your physician?”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
February 10, 1982
Masha Zakheim Jewett
“The Art of Medicine: The Cole Hall Murals”
April 14, 1982
Fernando G. Vescia, MD
”From Epidauros to Santo Spirito: The First Hospital ”
June 15, 1982
John Sampson, MD
“The History of Cardiology in the Mid and Late Twentieth Century: Personal Reminiscences”
October 13, 1982
Edward Shaw, MD
“Infectious Diseases Reminiscence”
November 10, 1982
Karen Reeds, Ph.D.
“Scientific Medical Illustrations in the Renaissance”
January 12, 1983
Bruce Parker, MD
“The Medical World of Samuel Johnson”
February 9, 1983
John E. Lesch, Ph.D.
“Science and Medicine in France : The Emergence of Experimental Physiology 1790-1855”
March 15, 1983
Salvador E. Luria, MD
“Memories, Medical and Otherwise”
April 13, 1983
Christopher Muench, MA and Paul Buell, Ph.D.
“Western Gold, Eastern Medicine: Chinese Medical Practice in Frontier Idaho ”
October 12, 1983
Francis Schiller, MD
“Haslam of ‘Bedlam': Kitchiner of the ‘Oracles': Two Doctors under Mad King George III, and their Friendship”
November 9, 1983
Lecture 1: Carlo Cipolla Ph.D.
“A Tale of Two Cities”
Lecture 2: Albert Shumate, MD
“The Plague in San Francisco ”
January 11, 1984
Ernst Levinger, MD
“Beethoven and his Physicians”
February 8, 1984
Lecture 1: Carlos A. Camargo, MD
“The Thyroid through the Centuries”
Lecture 2: Stanley M. Hanfling, MD
“Sigmund Freud and Gustav Mahler: The Interaction of Genius”
March 14, 1984
Sanford Leeds , MD
“George Miller Sternberg, Surgeon General U.S. Army: The Walter Reid and William H. Welch Connection”
April 11, 1984
Gert Brieger , MD , Ph.D., History of Health Sciences, UCSF
“The Flexner Report: Revised or Revisited?”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
Mt. Zion
Dinner: $16
October 10, 1984
Ralph Kellogg, MD, Ph.D.
“Paul Bert, Successor to Claude Bernard: High Altitude and Compressed Air”
November 14, 1984
Paul J. Palmbaum, MD
“Robert Louis Stevenson: Consumption and Creativity”
January 9, 1985
Michael Dols, Ph.D.
“Insanity in the Islamic Hospital”
February 13, 1985
Peter Ostwald, MD
“Johannes Brahms 1833-1897: Music, Loneliness, and Altruism”
March 13, 1985
David Hollinger, Ph.D., University of Michigan
“A Fanatic for Veracity: Sinclair Lewis's Arrowsmith ”
April 10, 1985
Michael Bliss, Ph.D.
“Resurrection in Toronto : Facts and Myths in the Discovery of Insulin”
Co-sponsored by the Janus Foundation
Mt Zion Hospital
Dinner: $18
October 9, 1985
Guenter Risse , MD , Ph.D., History and Philosophy of Health Sciences, UCSF
“Medicine Comes to the Hospital: Patients, Diseases, and Physicians, Edinburgh 1750-1800”
November 13, 1985
Nancy Zinn, UCSF Library
“Preserving the Past for the Future: Special Collections in the UCSF Library”
January 8, 1986
Fernando Vescia, MA, MD
“Origins and Development of Nursing”
February 12, 1986
Fred Oremland, MD
“Origins of Plastic Surgery”
March 21, 1986
Leonard Sagan, MD
“Modern Life Expectancy: Better Environment or Better Animals?”
April 9, 1986
Charles Roland, MD
“The Persisting Influence of Sir William Osler: Anachronism or Inspiration?”
October 8, 1986
Bruce Parker, MD, Chief of Pediatric Radiology, Stanford
“Sherlock Holmes in Medicine”
November 12, 1986
Francis Schiller, MD, Professor Emeritus, Neurology
“The Intervertebral Connection”
January 14, 1987
Frank Anker, MD, Clinical Professor, UCSF
“John Coakley Lettsom, and the Lettsom Society”
February 11, 1987
Andrew Nadell, MD, Psychiatry, Stanford
“Medical Politics in the 17 th Century”
March 11, 1987
Ira Herskowitz, Ph.D., Biochemistry, UCSF
“Puzzles and Personalities in Microbial Genetics”
April 14, 1987
Thomas Laquer [ sic ], Ph.D., Department of History, UC Berkeley
“Bodies, Pleasures, and Reproductive Biology”
Concordia-Argonaut Club (Van Ness)
Dinner: $30
October 14, 1987
Reinhard Speck , MD
“Cholera”
November 11, 1987
Robert Chase, MD, Professor of Anatomy, Stanford
“Anatomy and Renaissance Art”
January 13, 1988
Adele Clarke, Ph.D., UCSF
“Controversy and the Rise of Reproductive Science, 1889-1989”
February 10, 1988
John Lesch, Ph.D., UC Berkeley
“Inventing the Sulfa Drugs: Chemotherapy as Industrial Science”
March 2, 1988
Troels Kardel, MD, University of Copenhagen
“Nicholas Steno, 1638-1686: A Man of Science and Faith”
March 9, 1988
Gordon Frierson, MD
“Sleeping Sickness—The Early Years”
April 19, 1988
G.S.T. Cavanagh, Curator, Trent Collection and Professor of Medical Literature, Duke University Medical Center
“The Panorama of Vesalius: A Design from Titian's Workshop”
In collaboration with The Roxburghe Club of San Francisco
Metropolitan Club
May 10, 1988
Ilza Veith, Ph.D., UCSF
“Benjamin Rush: Physician, Psychiatrist, and Social Reformer”
Café Bedford ( Post Street )
Dinner: $25
October 12, 1988
Charles Becker, MD, Occupational Medicine, SFGH
“Lead Poisoning a Silent Epidemic through the Ages”
November 9, 1988
Haskell Norman , MD , “psychiatrist and bibliophile”
“Osler on Freud and Psychoanalysis”
January 11, 1989
Sheldon Margen, MD, Professor, Social and Administrative Health Sciences, UC Berkeley
“Nutrition: A Battlefield between Science and Politics”
February 8, 1989
Carlos A. Camargo, MD, Clinical Professor, Stanford
“The History and Philosophy of Brain Function before the 17 th Century”
March 8, 1989
Angela Little, Ph.D., Prof. Emeritus, Nutritional Science, UC Berkeley
“Spices: A Medieval Passion”
April 12, 1989
John Craig, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, UCSF
“Early English Books on Diet and Health”
Mt. Zion
Dinner: $18
October 11, 1989
Claude H. Organ, Jr., Prof. of Surgery, UC Davis-East Bay
“The Black Surgeon: A Touch of Americana ”
November 8, 1989
Peter Ostwald, MD, Psychiatry, UCSF
“Vaslav Nijinsky, Dancing and Catatonia: A Phychobiographical Study”
January 10, 1990
C. Harmon Brown, MD, Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCSF
“A History of Women in Sport”
February 14, 1990
John E. Swartzberg, MD, Alta Bates Hospital
“Hospitals and their Infections: A History”
March 14, 1990
James Chandler, MD, Dept. of Surgery, Highland Hospital
“Medical Care of Early American Presidents”
April 18, 1990
William Blaisdell, MD, Chairman, Dept. of Surgery, UC Davis
“Medical Advances in the Civil War”
Mt. Zion Hospital , Executive Board Room
Dinner: $21.50
October 10, 1990
Meyer Friedman, MD, Mt Zion Medical Center , UCSF
“The History of DNA”
November 14, 1990
Frank J. Novak, MD, Clinical Professor, Otolaryngology, Stanford
“Victoria, Opium & Empire”
January 9, 1991
Haskell Norman , MD
“On Collecting Freud”
February 13, 1991
W. Bruce Fye, MD, Chairman of Cardiology, Marchfield Clinic, Marshfield , WI
“The History of Nitroglycerine”
March 13, 1991
Jack Pressman, Ph.D., Assistant Prof, History of Health Sciences, UCSF
“Psychiatry: The Management of Despair, Historical Reflections on the Profession”
April 9, 1991
Ynez Viole O'Neill, Professor of the History of Medicine, UCLA
“Medieval Surgery: Almost a Scientific Revolution”
University Club, Nob Hill
Dinner: $25
By this time, lectures were held at the University Club, Powell and California Streets
October 9, 1991
William McKinley Runyan, Ph.D., Professor, Social Welfare, UC Berkeley
“Advances in Psychobiography”
November 13, 1991
Paul Dougherty, MD, Resident, Orthopaedic Surgery, Naval Hospital, Oak Knoll
“History of Amputations in War Time”
January 8, 1992
D. Brach Moody, Medical Student, Johns Hopkins University
“Medieval Medical Miracles”
February 19, 1992
Eugene Flamm, MS, Professor of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania
“The Nurturing of a Neurosurgeon's Book Collection”
March 17, 1992
William Helfand, Collector and consultant to History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine
“150 Years of Medical Posters”
April 19, 1992
Samuel Greenblatt, MD
“The Image of the ‘Brain Surgeon' in American Culture: The Influence of Henry Cushing”
March 10, 1998
Robert A. Schindler, MD, Professor and Chair, Head and Neck Surgery, UCSF-Stanford
“Toland Hall Murals: An Oral History”
By this time the lectures moved to Health Sciences West
October 14, 1998
Philip Lee, MD, Emeritus Professor of Social Medicine
“Health Policy: A Fifty Year Perspective”
November 11, 1998
Lawrence V. Basso, MD, Dept of Endocrinology, Palo Alto Medical Clinic
“From the Monastery Gardener to the Father of Genetics, the Life and Work of Gregor Mendel”
January 13, 1999
Frank Wilson, MD, Medical Director of Peter Ostwald Health Program for Performing Artists
“Hidden in the Hand”
February 10, 1999
Gary L. Aguilar, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, Stanford
“Recent Disclosures on the Medical Aspects of the John F. Kennedy Assassination”
April 14, 1999
Paul Scholten, MD, Past president and historian of the San Francisco Medical Society
“Albert Abrams, the doctor who made a million out of electricity”
May 12, 1999
William P. Schecter, MD, Professor of Clinical Surgery, UCSF
“Baron Jean Dominique Larrey: The Soldier's Surgeon”
University Club
Dinner: $35
October 13, 1999
Moses Grossman, MD, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF-Stanford Medical Center
“History of San Francisco General Hospital ”
November 10, 1999
Meyer Friedman, MD, Director of the Meyer Friedman Institute of Mt. Zion Center , UCSF
“Medicine's 10 greatest discoveries of the Second Millennium”
January 12, 2000
Arthur Lyons, MD, Associate Clinical Professor, Neurology, UCSF
“Ambroise Paré”
February 9, 2000
Felix Kolb, MD, Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCSF
“Fuller Albright and the discovery of Osteoporosis”
March 15, 2000
Leonard Shlain, MD, Chairman of Laparoscopic Surgery at California Pacific Medical Center
“The Alphabet versus The Goddess: The Conflict between Word and Image”
April 12, 2000
Grant Gauger, MD, Acting Chief, Department of Neurological Surgery SFGH
“The Scalpel of Scotland Yard”
May 10, 2000
Leonard Roseman, MD, Vascular Surgery
“The Awakening of Surgery in Medieval Europe ”
University Club
Dinner: $35
October 11, 2000
Stephen O. Dell, MD, Neurosurgeon, Neuromuscular Consultants, Oakland
“The Falling Sickness: From Science to Culture”
The development of neurology in the late 19th century and early 20th century was intimately concerned with epileptology and its presumed ramifications: genius, madness, heritable mental pathology and sociopathy. These ideas enjoyed great implication and influence, and we explore their disperal in the contemporary culture. This may provide the components for a model of the influence of scientific innovation upon general attitudes and beliefs.
November 8, 2000
Louis E. Grivetti, UC Davis, Department of Nutrition
“Tales from the Crypt: Food and Medicine in Ancient Egypt ”
January 10, 2001
Oscar N. Abeliuk, MD, Staff Neurologist, John Muir/Mt. Diablo Health System
" Santiago Ramon Y Cajal: Life and Discoveries”
Ramon Y Cajal, starting from the most humble beginings, become not only Spain's most distinguished scientist, but also a founder of the discipline we know now as “neuroscience.” Cajal's autobiographical works, Recollections of My Life and Mi Infancia Y Juventud, are engaging accounts of one man's single-minded endeavour to understand the most complex of all biological issues: the organization and function of the nervous system. The sheer volume of his published scientific work is overwhelming and includes three hundred major works, many of these book-length monographs. Histologie du System Nerveux de l'Homme et de Vertebres best known in its French translation, remains the definitive work of the morphology of the vertebrae nervous system. Less known, although worth exploring, are Cajal's astonishing range of topics from politics to psychology, from literary criticism to what he disarmingly called “coffee shop chat.
February 14, 2001
William P. Shecter, MD, Professor of Clinical Surgery UCSF
“Warfare and Medicine: A Historical Perspective”
March 14, 2001
Adrian a. Jarquin-Valdivia , MD , Clinical Fellow, Dept of Neurology, UCSF
“Landmarks on the History of Medicine”
This conference highlights the most relevant events on the History of Medicine in the last 500 years. It is meant to be a very horizontal display and discussion of the events that have molded medical thought. An effort is made to show that all the events are links in complicated evolutionary paths leading to revolutionary outcomes. The conference has many slide pictures of the original materials. It provides answers to questions like:
a) When were the spectacles invented? b) Where was the first human dissection? c) Who and when was the thermometer invented? d) Who discovered the pulmonary circulation? The systemic circulation? e) When and who introduced “variolation” to the western culture? f) Which one is older: spinal tap or x-rays? g) Which one is older: CT scan or?
April 11, 2001
Ernest Hook, MD, Professor, School of Public Health , UC Berkeley
“Origins of Inhalation Anesthesia”
Over 40 years after Humphrey Davy in 1800 first suggested an effective inhalation anesthesia, three effective approaches in practice were first applied independently, all about the same time, and in the same country. There is evidence that in 1842 William Clarke in Rochester New York used ether for a dental extraction and Crawford Long of Jefferson Georgia in 1842 excised a small tumor from the neck of a patient using ether anesthesia. And in 1844 Horace Wells inferred independently of Davy's suggestion, the anesthetic utility of nitrous oxide and employed it for anesthesia during tooth extractions. Wells shared his observations with William T.G. Morton of Boston . Although Morton's later extravagant claims have clouded knowledge of the precise subsequent evolution of the matter, it appears highly likely that, when he sought assistance in procuring nitrous oxide from Charles T. Jackson, a chemist of Harvard University , Jackson suggested to him that (sulfuric) ether would also suffice. As is of course well known, Morton's interactions with Wells and Jackson eventuated in his widely publicized successful demonstration of inhalation anesthesia with ether in the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston on October 16, 1846. The introduction of effective inhalation anesthesia with two separate agents by (at least) three different individuals independently within a brief period of time in a single country of the many in which Eurocentric medicine was then practiced raises obvious queries. I suggest that the exchanges of views and experiences among individuals from widely separated social and economic classes in a manner not typically traditionally sanctioned was crucial.
May 9, 2001
F. William Blaisdell , MD , Professor and Chair Emeritus of Surgery, UC Davis
"
San Francisco General Hospital and the Evolution of Public Care”
University Club
Dinner: $37
October 10, 2001
Warwick Anderson , MD , Ph.D., Director, History of Health Sciences Program, UCSF
“Academic History of Medicine in the Bay Area: Does the Past have a Future?”
November 14, 2001
Angela Little, Ph.D., Professor Emerita, UC Berkeley
“Italian Women in Medicine from Trotula to Maria Montessori”
“From the establishment of the first European medical school in Salerno until well into the nineteenth century, Italy was the only place in Europe where women were admitted to medical schools and universities. Although many women became practitioners of medicine, surgery and midwifery in Italy a well as elsewhere through apprenticeship training, this talk will focus on those Italian women whose careers in medicine were linked to their academic associations.”
January 9, 2002
Theodore R. Schrock, MD, Chief Medical Officer at UCSF
“The History of Surgery from Asu to UCSF”
“This highly selective talk traces the history of western surgery from Mesopotamia to the USA, discusses the separation of surgery from medicine, and outlines the roots of the UCSF Department of Surgery.”
February 13, 2002
Dr. Albert R. Jonsen, Professor of Ethics Medicine, UCSF
“Scholarship in the History of Medical Ethics and a Short Tour of the Terrain”
“Until recently, scholars in the history of medicine have neglected the ethical dimensions of medical practice. Today an interest in this topic has revealed a rich literature throughout history in western and eastern medicine. I will review the recent scholarly efforts and touch on the high points of the development of medical ethics from ancient times until today.”
March 13, 2002
Thomas Kirsch, MD, Clinical Faculty Stanford University Dept of Psychiatry
“Origins of Analytical Psychology in the United States ”
“Jung's analytical psychology has developed in many places in the United States and in the world. Much of the spread has been during the past two dozen years. As we enter into the twenty-first century there has been a tendency not to remember how analytical psychology first developed in this country. It is the purpose of this talk to briefly review the founding of analytical psychology in New York , San Francisco , and Los Angeles . These three areas developed during Jung's lifetime and as a result he had an influence on how these professional groups developed. In these localities the founders had had their analyses with Jung which had an important bearing on how each professional society developed. This talk will be illustrated with photos of these founders. Implications for the state of analytical psychology today will be presented.”
April 10, 2002
Robert Jackler, MD, Professor of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery, UCSF
“History of Quackery”
May 8, 2002
Grant Gauger, MD, Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF
“The Magician”
Fort Mason Officers Club
Dinner: $46
October 9, 2002
John Osborn, MD, Designer of first heart-lung machine for open-heart surgery in California
“Rising from Ignorance: The Early Years of Open-Heart Surgery”
November 13, 2002
Howard MacCabbe, PH.D., M.D., F.A.C.R.
Recently elected Fellow of the American College of Radiology and Medical Director of the John Muir Radiation Oncology Center
"
Invisible Beams - a Biased History of Radiation in Medicine"
“We will review the early history of Roentgen's discovery of X-rays, and the Curies' discovery of medical applications and dangers of radioactivity, followed by the rapid development of diagnostic radiology, radiation therapy and nuclear medicine. The stupendous changes in diagnostic medicine are followed by super-technologies of computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron-emission tomography (PET.) The use of radioactive “tracers” revolutionized biology and physiology. X-ray crystallography led to molecular biology and mapping the human genome. Radiation cured skin cancers in 1902 and now saves more lives every year than were lost at Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The revolutions continue.”
January 8, 2003
Karl L. Mettinger, MD, Ph.D., Chief Medical Officer, SuperGen, Dublin , CA
“Heart Attacks and Clot Buster Wars: A Chapter in the History of Modern Biotech. Insights and Reflections”
“Genentech was the crown jewel among hundreds of newborn biotech firms. The founders had a prophetic vision of their historic role as guides on the journey of medical sciences entering genetic engineering. TPA was the magical word that would open the gates to the Biotech Paradise, the life saver for millions and the Golden Grail for investors of the roaring 1980's. Billions of dollars were at stake. The biotech star war was fought in Congressional hearings, U.S. court rooms, and thousands of hospitals around the world in studies involving more than 120,000 patients. The clot-buster drama is unique in the history of medicine and Dr. Mettinger was a unique insider witness.”
February 12, 2003
Carlos George-Nascimento, Ph.D., Biotechnology Consultant in California and Chile
“Science and Life of Three Argentinian Nobel Laureates”
A classical physiologist trying to balance his life and research in the immediate post-war era received the Nobel Prize in 1947. His name: Bernardo Houssay. His work on the pituitary gland showed its importance in the control of metabolism and severe diabetes. A long time collaborator of Dr. Houssay was a biochemist. He could have had an easy life in his family ranch, yet he opted to do science and became an expert in carbohydrate metabolism, discovering an important molecule in the glycogen synthesis. His name: Luis F. Leloir. He received the Nobel Prize in 1970. The son of a Jewish immigrant, working toward his Ph.D. under adverse financial conditions, decided to study and research the mechanisms of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase. When that was finished, he was granted a British Council Fellowship to work under the supervision of Malcolm Dixon. From an enzymologist/protein chemist, he moved to the area of immunology. He is considered the father of the monoclonal antibody research. His name: Cesar Milstein, received the Nobel Prize in 1984.
March 12, 2003
Lawrence Basso, M.D. Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford Universtiy School of Medicine
"Founding Fathers of Molecular Biology"
This is the 50th year since the description of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 but the early developments in the field began well before the dawn of the 20th century. molecular Biology is still a relatively new science and is often said to be a hybrid of genetics and biochemistry. In reality scientists from multiple backgrounds including physics, chemistry, and cytogenetics were major contributors to the field. Dr. Basso will review the early development of the field and the contribution of four leading laboratories in particular: 1) The Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge in England . 2) The Pasteur Institute in Paris . 3) The Rockefeller Institute. 4) The Molecular Biology Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology. These laboratories helped develop our modern Biotechnology Industry. Some of the techniques of Molecular Biology such as X-ray diffraction, the polymerase chain reaction and monoclonal antibodies will be discussed. Bringing Molecular Biology into the clinical sphere was the contribution of Archibald Garrod. The rockefeller Foundation early on was the major financial support for the entire field. The talk will end with a discussion of the drug Gleevee, a triumph for Molecular Biology.
April 9, 2003
Sergio A. Rapu, Archaeologist and visiting Scholar, UC Berkeley
“Traditional Herbal Medicine in Polynesia with Focus on Easter Island Chile ”
The past and present use of plants in traditional medicine will be presented within the broad ecological and cultural context of Polynesian islands with special emphasis on Easter Island and East Polynesia . Slides of Easter Island will accompany the lecture. Sergio A. Rapu served as Governor of Easter Island for six years. As curator of the Easter Island Museum for 20 years, he investigated and restored several archaeological monuments. He also served as an advisor to UNESCO on Pacific Island cultures from 1979 to 1988.
May 21, 2003
Oscar Abeliuk, M.D.
"Darwin's Theory"
Café Riggio, $46.00
October 8, 2003
Our Biography: Francis Schiller, M.D.
In Memorium Founding Member and twice a past President of the Bay Area History of Medicine Club Club members will be led by Vince Lagano in a discussion and reminiscences of Dr. Schiller Art Lyons, M.D. and Ilza Veith, Ph.D. will also speak.
November 12, 2003
Brian Dolan , Ph. D. Associate Professor at UCSF (Department of Anthropology, History & Social Medicine)
"Erasmus Darwin, Josiah Wedgwood, and their beliefs about Industrial Health Problems in the Late Eighteenth Century"
The origins of the Darwin-Wedgwood family relations that resulted in Charles Darwin stretch back to the friendship forged between Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) and Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795) in the 1760s. At that time, Josiah was a young entrepreneur, hoping to make a name for himself as a potter, and Erasmus was accruing a fortune as a physician, penning unpolished verses of poetry in his carriage as he traveled a thousand miles a year to meet his patients. Critics of manufacturing, especially Tory-landowning politicians, waged a campaign against the rising industrialists, while Wedgwood, Darwin and friends invented new ways of making their country healthy. This talk looks at their hopes, fears, dreams, and critics through these experiences.
February 11, 2004
Professor Dorothy Porter Chair Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine U.C.S.F.
"From Social Structure to Social Behavior Social Medicine and Class Culture in Britain after the Second World War"
In the inter-war years of the twentieth century European and American medical intellectuals attempted to transform a set of ideals about the prevention of disease and the promotion of health into a new academic discipline called social medicine. The aim of social medical reformers was to create a political role for medicine by turning it into a social science. A central focus of medicine as a 'science of the social relations of health' and as an international political practice was the study and elimination of inequality. This paper outlines the interwar international debate on social medicine and then evaluates whether its political mission to tackle health inequalities survived once it became institutionalized within the medical academy in early post-war Britain . How did the influence of post-war developments in social theory effect socio-medical research and did the goals of socio-medical reformers in Britain change in the 1950s? What were the implications of these developments for health citizenship in Britain toward the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first century?
March 10, 2004
M. Michael Thaler, M.D., M.A. (History) Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, UCSF Visiting Professor of History, UCSC
"
How Medical Ethics Became Bioethics - and Why"
Brief Description: Contemporary rules governing interactions between doctors and patients reflect a fundamental transition from beneficence to patient autonomy as the socially acceptable cornerstone of professional behavior in medical practice and research, driven by a broader challenge to all authoritarian structures in American society since the 1960's. The talk will focus on the historical, legal and cultural development of the doctrine of “Informed Consent" in the post-World War II period as the lynchpin of these transformational changes that made possible the emergence of the new profession of Bioethics from the traditional clinical practice of "old" Medical Ethics. The presentation is based research for a Master's thesis in History of Health Science from UCSF.
APRIL 14, 2004
John Tercier, M.D., PhD FRCP(C) FACEP Postdoctoral Fellow in History of Medicine Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine, U.C.S.F.
"
CPR: The Ultimate Rush What is the modern fantasy of death?"
A "death with dignity‚" the darkened room, the family gathered around the bedside, a few murmured farewells and then an exit "gentle into the good night‚? Or the lights‚ flashing, siren wailing, chest-pumping maelstrom of the back of an ambulance hurtling towards an ER? Over the last forty years, CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) has become the medical, legal and medical standard for behavior in the face of sudden death. Though presented as a miracle of modern medicine, resuscitative protocols have their origins in techniques for the revival of the drowned. Over the last two hundred years, the key therapeutic techniques of lifesaving protocols of artificial ventilation, chest compression and electrical shock have shaped a secular deathbed ritual, within which is concealed our confusions over life, death and humanity. CPR's stubborn elision of protocol and ritual, and the confounding of its performance on the street with its portrayal on the TV screen are maneuvers in unleashing a specifically modern confrontation with death.
October 13, 2004
Tom Snyder, MD Captain, Medical Corps, U S Naval Reserve, Retired "A History of Military Medicine to the Italian Renaissance"
Tom Snyder is a retired Kaiser Urologist and Naval Reservist. In retirement, he has sought to combine his interests in military and medical history. He is researching the history of the Naval Hospital at Mare Island . During this work, his attention was diverted to the larger view of military medical history. In this talk, he will give a “tease”—a brief glimpse of the Mare Island story, and then will review the history of military medicine from the Sumerian and Akkadian Cultures (4000-~1000 BC) up to the Italian renaissance.
November 17th, 2004
Stephen O. Dell, M.D. Neurosurgeon
"
Case Studies in Medical Science: Clinical Evoked Responses"
The development of neurophysiological evoked potential (EP) responses provides a rare, compact and contained case-study in medical science. This story is largely the work of a single Englishman: George Dawson, whose career was passed in London's National Hospital for Neurological Diseases ( Queen Square ) and the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital. Over a brief period (c. 1935-1955), one may observe Dawson's conceptualization of signal/noise enhancement through averaging, the necessary mathematical foundation, concept of its application to (faint) bioelectric signals primarily in the nervous system, the realization of this approach in suitable recording apparatus and ultimately, its implementation to clinical practice. Most medical developments are parceled among many individuals and groups, slowly taking their final applied form. One may observe the process and rapid progress, -- despite the intervention of World War II -- in Dawson 's work. We hope to encourage discussion of the stages of medical development(s), whether they may be uniformly characterized, and the influences that determine their speed and direction.
March 16, 2005
Elizabeth Watkins, Ph.D., Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies, DAHSM, UCSF
"Estrogen Enterprises: The Scientific and Commercial Development of the Female Sex Hormone in the First half of the 20th Century"
This talk locates the discovery of estrogen in the larger history of the development of the science of endocrinology in the early 20th century. It then discusses the commercial preparation of both natural and synthetic estrogen products in the 1930s and 40s, the medical uses of estrogen in treating symptons of menopause, and the role of the FDA as gatekeeper in the marketing of estrogen products after 1938.
April 13, 2005
Bill Hayes , San Francisco freelance author
"Five Quarts: A Personal and Natural History of Blood"
May 11, 2005
Philip Alper,
M.D. F.A.C. P., Clinical Professor of Medicine
UCSF, Robert Wesson and visiting fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University
"Pay for Performance"
Sometimes called P4P, this is a rapidly emerging third-party method for paying physicians for their services. Both Medicare and private carriers are heavily involved in pilot programs and actual implementation. The momentum is so powerful that cautionary voices are not being heard.
Robert Markison, M.D., Associate Clinical Prof. of Surgery, UCSF
"Newton, Leibniz, Medicine and Jazz (music included)"
Newton and Leibniz gave us calculus. Physicians are students of a special sort of calculus: the rate of change of human tissue over time (first derivative), and the rate of rate of change of tissue over time (second derivative). Historians thrive on marking time frames of varying rates of change. Jazz music ... (best to come and hear the talk and hear how jazz fits into the calculus of medicine).
Carlos Camargo, M.D., Clinical Prof. of Medicine, Stanford University
"Art and Anatomy during the Italian Renaissance"
Towards the end of the Middle Ages, after more than 1300 years without human dissection, Anatomical studies were totally absent. In the early 14th Century, human dissections began to be performed in northern Italian Universities, and very gradually increased in numbers over the next 200 years. Buy a happy coincidence, the painters in Florence belonged to the same guild as the physicians and apothecaries. This allowed artists to observe and eventually perform human dissections for the benefit of their Art, culminating in the multiple anatomical dissections of Leonardo and Michelangelo in the late 15th and early 16th Centuries. The benefits of this collaboration between doctors and artists will be explained and thetalk will be profusedly illustrated.
Art Lyons, M.D., Neurosurgeon
"The San Francisco Neurological Tradition"
San Francisco has a rich neurological history with a great number of wonderful characters and several important pioneers in neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. This talk will deal with some of them in the context of the developing field over the past 150 years.
Ernest B. Hook, M.D., School of Public Health, UC Berkeley and Pediatrics, UCSF
Congenital Malformations, Shakespeare, Richard III
A close study of Shakespeare's play Richard the Third raises interesting questions pertinent to the history of medicine. In contemporary popular view and that presented by Shakespeare, the historical character Richard was afflicted by congenital malformations, although as described, (from a present day perspective) not serious and hardly "monstrous" i.e. severely grossly deforming. In the play they serve, predominantly, as external stigmata of his wickedness. The play stimulated this medical geneticist and autodidact historian of medicine to search for contemporary popular and medical views of (non-monstrous) congenital malformations as well as indirectly related matters pertaining to "heredity" of traits in the Renaissance and Early Modern England. But in an extensive hunt in historical documents of the time I have found absolutely nothing bearing on such views. Why do none (appear to) exist?! One is thrown back then upon dangerous and slippery attempts to make historical inferences on these matters from literature, an attempt which requires great care. And even in literature of the period, aside from Richard III, I have find nothing on malformations, although I have found sparse expression on views on heredity of traits. So one is back to Richard! What can one infer, with caution, from a close reading of this play and other works of Shakespeare, on his and likely popular views on congenital non-monstrous congenital malformations?
William Dement, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine, Stanford University
"The Development of Sleep Medicine: Luck and Sweat"
Ken Carpenter, Ph.D., Prof. Emeritus of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology
"The Puzzle of Beriberi"
Western physicians taking up duties in Japan, Indonesia and other parts of Asia in the 1880's were faced with many cases of beriberi, a disease unknown in the west.? Could it be explained in terms of the new knowledge of bacterial infections, or was it the result of particular Asian customs, climate or diet?? The problem was eliminated from the Japanese navy by changing the sailors' diet to one of higher protein content.? But controversial work in Indonesia with an animal model showed that low protein diets were not the cause, and led to Christiaan Eijkman eventually receiving a Nobel prize.
Karl Mettinger, M.D., Ph.D., Chief Medical Officer of Oncolytics Biotech Inc, Calgary and Berkeley.
"TRIALS AND TRIUMPHS -THE 30 YEAR BIOTECH WARS: A Chapter in the History of Modern Medicine. Insights and Reflections"
Genentech was incorporated on April 6. 1976 and rapidly became the crown jewel among hundreds of newborn biotech companies. As the industry pioneers, the founders trumpeted a prophetic vision of their historic role as guides for the journey of researchers entering the age of genetic engineering. Their destiny was to succeed. Like a group of athletic and youthful rock climbers, these pioneering scientists set out to overcome insurmountable barriers. They threw themselves relentlessly into the Herculean efforts to clone human insulin, growth hormone and TPA. They worked like fanatics around the clock to win races against rival treatments and beat the competition. Nothing could stop them. Although fraught by perils, they succeeded beyond even their own expectations. After winning the patent and marketing wars, the success of Genentech stimulated the birth of new companies and prepared the way for the biotech and genomics revolution. Dr. Mettinger has followed the biotech race for 30 years, first as a faculty member of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm and for more than 20 years as a veteran in the global biotech and pharmaceutical industry.
October 11, 2006
James Lieberman, MD. Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, George Washington University School of Medicine and author of Acts of Will: The Life and Work of Otto Rank.
"The Unpublished Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Otto Rank: A Preview"
A collection of 250 letters between the founder of psychoanalysis and his closest colleague for two decades (1906 - 1925) is being collated and translated for the first time. The two men lived near each other in Vienna and their correspondence is relatively small, but highly significant. Rank, 28 years younger than his mentor, broke away from the Freudian establishment at age 40, in 1924, developing a more interpersonal, less intellectual approach to therapy that is now part of the mainstream.
November 8, 2006
Brian Morrison, MD. Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon.
“The Written Record, the Road Upward: Milestones in the Published Body of Knowledge about Characterization, Detection and Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease”
The talk will center on the evolution of ideas and observations which have contributed to our knowledge of congenital heart disease. The careful study of these contributions highlights the fundamentals of clinical research: observation, inquiry and publication. While the earliest mention of CHD was made on the recognition of cyanosis, further understanding of CHD has come with the careful study of the gross anatomy of malformed hearts, meticulous clinical-anatomic correlation in such patients, the study of the physiology of CHD and now the secrets of the human genome. With each step deeper into this area of clinical research, we have built upon the work of those gifted physicians who have come before us and shared their thoughts through the medium of books and journal publications. This written record, which has survived and created a foundation for each succeeding generation, when reviewed and re-explored, continues to give us insights into the understanding of CHD.
January 10, 2007
Justin Suran, PhD, History of Health Sciences, UCSF
“Colin MacLeod and Cold War Microbiology”
In many respects, the connection between war and disease is both self-evident and transhistorical. Along with combat-related injuries and deaths, wars have typically produced the conditions in which infectious diseases thrive: communal living in camps and barracks, degraded sanitary conditions, displaced populations. On the other hand, the emergence of state-sponsored biological weapons programs— along with vaccine development initiatives, epidemic intelligence services, and biomedical research programs— is a phenomenon unique to recent history. During the Cold War, advances in the biomedical sciences and in the production of biological weapons often proceeded in tandem. The Cold War logic of deterrence extended even to the biomedical field, where each side hoped to match the other, germ-for-germ and vaccine-for-vaccine. From his early days at the Rockefeller Institute to his stewardship of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board at the start of the Cold War, Colin MacLeod’s career epitomized not only the emergence of molecular biology, but also the emerging significance of microbiology to the U.S. military establishment. Bringing microbiology into mainstream accounts of the Cold War helps to deepen our understanding of the postwar scientific community and its important connections to the military establishment.
February 14, 2007
Morton G. Rivo, DDS
“Open Wide, 500 Years of Dentistry in Art”
The past of dentistry, filled with treachery, theatrical antics and primal emotions, has been a fascinating subject for artists in varying mediums, especially those producing scenes from daily life or those finding the relationship of patient and dentist an irresistible target for humor or satire. Even today, despite the benefits of scientific advances and effective anesthetics, many patients still approach dental treatments with the trepidation rightly borne of the superstition and ignorance of many millennia.
We'll look at fine art prints and drawings which reveal the changes in artists' perspectives of the dental experience during the past 500 years, as dentists have evolved from charlatans and tooth drawers to the practitioners of today.
March 14, 2007
Christian P. Erickson, MD
"Separation of Church and Clinic? From 'The Sacred Disease' to 'Spiritual Empiricism'"
In The Sacred Disease, Hippocrates declared medicine's independence from religious teleology: "It is thus with regard to the disease called Sacred: it appears to me to be nowise more divine nor more sacred than any other diseases, but has a natural cause from which it originates like other affections. Men regard its nature and cause as divine from ignorance and wonder, because it is not at all like other diseases." Hippocrates had Darwin beat by two millennia. The implications for fundamentalist physicians are striking. This problem of separating church and clinic is not a new one. Yet the problem of bedside evangelism has recently become tempered by a non-dogmatic counterpart, one variously characterized as "New-Age," "holistic," or "spiritual-but-not-religious." Tonight's address, which distills aspects of the speaker's forthcoming book relevant for a meeting of the "Dirty Old Books Club," will focus on this evolution from medical evangelism—and its narrow therapeutic stained-glass windows—to the much more … ventilated … entity of "spiritual empiricism."
April 11, 2007
Nicholas L. Petrakis, MD, Professor Emeritus
"
Concept of Stagnation as a Causal Factor in Breast Disease:A Historical Perspective"
For over two millennia physicians have held many notions as causal for benign and malignant breast disease. The present view was inspired by findings from a twenty-five year program-project grant on the clinical epidemiology of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) obtained from women without clinical symptoms of breast disease. Emphasis was on the relation of breast fluid cytology and biochemistry to future risk of breast cancer. At the completion of the study, I began to explore etiologic concepts of breast disease held by physicians from antiquity to the present era. An early concept, based on the classical humoral doctrine, held that benign and malignant breast diseases resulted from the accumulation and stagnation of deleterious black humors within the breasts. This concept, which persisted well into the late 18th century, was considerably modified and eventually discarded in light of new scientific findings. Although now widely considered passé or moribund, our review of medical literature published over the past 150 years indicates continuity of the concept of stasis of altered breast secretions as a significant pathogenic factor in breast diseases.
October 10, 2007
TBA
 
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